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Motorcycle History

Early milestones

Petroleum power

The inspiration for the earliest dirt bike, and arguably the first motorcycle, was designed and built by the German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt (since 1905 a city district of Stuttgart) in 1885. The first petroleum-powered vehicle, it was essentially a motorized bicycle, although the inventors called their invention the Reitwagen (“riding carriage”). They had not set out to create a vehicle form but to build a simple carriage for the engine, which was the focus of their endeavours.

Steam power

However, if one counts two wheels with steam propulsion as being a motorcycle, then the first one may have been American. One such machine was demonstrated at fairs and circuses in the eastern United States in 1867, built by Sylvester Howard Roper of Roxbury, Massachusetts. There exists an example of a Roper machine dating from 1869, but there is no patent existing and nothing proves it was a working model. It was powered by a charcoal-fired two-cylinder engine, whose connecting rods directly drive a crank on the rear wheel. The Roper machine pre-dates the invention of the safety bicycle by many years, so its chassis is based on the “boneshaker” bike.

In 1868, the French engineer Louis-Guillaume Perreaux patented a similar steam-powered vehicle, which was probably invented independent of Roper’s. In this case, although a patent exists that is dated 1868, nothing indicates the invention had been operable before 1871. Nevertheless, these steam-powered vehicles were invented prior to the first petroleum-powered motorcycle.

An 1894 Hildebrand & Wolfmller

The English persisted with steam powered bikes into the Edwardian period.[citation needed] Pearson and Cox was one firm that made units until the First World War.[citation needed]

First commercial products

In the decade from the late 1880s, dozens of designs and machines emerged, particularly in France, Germany and England, and soon spread to America. During this early period of motorcycle history, there were many manufacturers since bicycle makers were adapting their designs for the new internal combustion engine.

In 1894, the Hildebrand & Wolfmller became the first motorcycle available to the public for purchase. However, only a few hundred examples of this motorcycle were ever built. Soon, as the engines became more powerful and designs outgrew the bicycle origins, the number of motorcycle-oriented producers increased.

The first known motorcycle in the United States was said to be brought to New York by a French circus performer, in 1895. It weighed about 200 lb (91 kg) and was capable of 40 mph (64 km/h) on a level surface. However, that same year, an inventor from the United States E.J. Pennington demonstrated a motorcycle of his own design in Milwaukee. Pennington claimed his machine was capable of a speed of 58 mph (93 km/h), and is credited with inventing the term “motor cycle” to describe his machine.

The 20th century

Before World War II

A 1913 FN (Fabrique National), Belgium, 4cylinders and shaft drive

In 1901 English quadricycle and bicycle maker Royal Enfield introduced its first motorcycle, with a 239 cc engine mounted in the front and driving the rear wheel through a belt. In 1898, English bicycle maker Triumph decided to extend its focus to include motorcycles, and by 1902, the company had produced its first motorcycle bicycle fitted with a Belgian-built engine. In 1903, as Triumph’s motorcycle sales topped 500, the American company Harley-Davidson started producing motorcycles.

In 1904, the Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company, which had been founded by two former bicycle racers, designed the so-called “diamond framed” Indian Single, whose engine was built by the Aurora Firm in Illinois. The Single was made available in the deep red color that would become Indian’s trademark. By then, Indian’s production was up to over 500 bikes annually and would rise to 32,000, its best ever, in 1913.

During this period, experimentation and innovation were driven by the popular new sport of motorcycle racing, with its powerful incentive to produce tough, fast, reliable machines. These enhancements quickly found their way to the public machines.

A 1923 BMW R32, with a shaft-drive, boxer twin engine

Chief August Vollmer of the Berkeley, California Police Department is credited with organizing the first official Police Motorcycle Patrol in the United States in 1911. By 1914, motorcycles were no longer just bicycles with engines; they had their own technologies, although many still maintained bicycle elements, like the seats and suspension.

A pre-war Polish Sok 1000

An historic V-twin American motorcycle a 1941 Crocker

Until the First World War, Indian was the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world. After that, this honor went to Harley-Davidson, until 1928 when DKW took over as the largest manufacturer. BMW motorcycles came on the scene in 1923 with a shaft drive and an opposed-twin or “boxer” engine enclosed with the transmission in a single aluminum housing.

By 1931, Indian and Harley-Davidson were the only two American manufacturers producing commercial motorcycles. This two-company rivalry in the United States remained until 1953, when the Indian Motorcycle factory in Springfield, Massachusetts closed and Royal Enfield took over the Indian name.

There were over 80 different makes of motorcycle available in Britain in the 1930s, from the familiar marques like Norton, Triumph and AJS to the completely obscure, with names like New Gerrard, NUT, SOS, Chell and Whitwood, about twice as many motorcycle makes competing in the world market during the early 21st century.

In 1937, Joe Petrali set a new land speed record of 136.183 mph (219.165 km/h) on a modified Harley-Davidson 61 cubic inch (1000 cc) overhead valve-driven motorcycle. The same day, Petrali also broke the speed record for 45 cubic inch (737 cc) engine motorcycles.

In Europe, production demands, driven by the buildup to World War II, included motorcycles for military use, and BSA supplied 126,000 BSA M20 motorcycles to the British armed forces, starting in 1937 and continuing until 1950. Royal Enfield also produced motorcycles for the military, including a 125 cc lightweight motorcycle that could be dropped (in a parachute-fitted tube cage) from an aircraft.

After World War II

An original Vespa with sidecar

After the Second World War, some American veterans found a replacement for the camaraderie, excitement, danger and speed of life at war in motorcycles. Grouped into loosely organized clubs, motorcycle riders in the U.S. created a new social institutionhe motorcyclists or “bikers”hich was later skewed by the “outlaw” persona Marlon Brando portrayed in the 1954 film The Wild One.

In Europe, on the other hand, post-war motorcycle producers were more concerned with designing practical, economical transportation than the social aspects, or “biker” image. Italian designer Piaggio introduced the Vespa in 1946, which experienced immediate and widespread popularity. Imports from the UK, Italy and Germany, thus found a niche in U.S. markets that American bikes did not fill.

The BSA Group purchased Triumph Motorcycles in 1951 to become the largest producer of motorcycles in the world claiming “one in four”. The German NSU was the largest manufacturer from 1955 until the 1970s when Honda became the largest manufacturer title now claimed by Indian bike firm Hero Honda, which specialises in small motorcycles throughout India and similar markets.

A 1962 Triumph Bonneville represents the popularity of British motorcycles at that time

British manufacturers Triumph, BSA, and Norton retained a dominant position in some markets until the rise of the Japanese manufacturers (led by Honda) in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The role of the motorcycle shifted in the 1960s, from the tool of a life to a toy of a lifestyle. It became part of an image, of status, a cultural icon for individualism, a prop in Hollywood B-movies.

The motorcycle also became a recreational machine for sport and leisure, a vehicle for carefree youth, not essential transportation for the mature family man or woman, and the Japanese were able to produce modern designs more quickly, more cheaply, and of better quality than their competitors. Their motorbikes were more stylish and more reliable, so the British manufacturers fell behind as mass-market producers.

The Honda Motor Co., which was officially founded in Japan on September 24, 1948, introduced their SOHC inline 4-cylinder 750 in 1969, which was inexpensive and immediately successful. It was not a high-performance bike, but it established the across-the-frame-4 engine configuration as a design with huge potential for power and performance. Despite being much more complex than any other mass-market motorcycle, it was the most reliable large motorcycle on the road.[citation needed]

Shortly after the introduction of the SOHC, Kawasaki demonstrated the potential of the four-cycle four-cylinder engine with the introduction of the KZ900. The only motorcycle that outperformed the KZ900 was another Kawasaki, the H1, a much smaller and lighter 3-cylinder, two-cycle engine.[citation needed] The H1 was prone to fouling, and was considered dangerous by many riders.[citation needed]

The Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd., Kawasaki Heavy Industries and the Yamaha Motor Corporation each started producing motorcycles in the 1950s. Meanwhile, the sun was setting on British dominion over the big-displacement motorbike market.

Japanese dominance

The Honda CB750 revolutionized motorcycle marketing and was emblematic of Japanese dominance

The excellence of Japanese motorcycles caused similar effects in all “Western” markets: many Italian bike firms either went bust or only just managed to survive. As a result BMW’s worldwide sales sagged in the 1960s, but came back strongly with the introduction of a completely redesigned “slash-5″ series for model year 1970.

From the 1960s through the 1990s, small two-stroke motorcycles were popular worldwide, partly as a result of the East German Walter Kaaden’s engine work in the 1950s, later acquired by Suzuki via stolen plans supplied by MZ rider Ernst Degner, who defected to the West on 13th September 1961 after retiring from the 125cc Swedish Grand Prix at Kristianstad.

Harley-Davidson (HD) in the U.S. at the time suffered from the same problems as the European firms, but its unique product range, American tariff laws and nationalism-driven customer loyalty allowed it to survive. One alleged flaw, however, was retaining the characteristic HD 45 engine vee-angle, which causes excess vibration as well as the loping HD sound.

A factory full fairing was introduced by BMW motorcycles in the R100RS of 1977, the first factory fairing produced in quantity. In 1980, BMW stimulated the “adventure touring” category of motorcycling with its R80G/S. In 1988, BMW was the first motorcycle manufacturer to introduce anti-lock-brakes (ABS) on its sporting K100RS-SE and K1 models.

The present

A 2004 Kawasaki ZX-7RR

Today the Japanese manufacturers, Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki, and Yamaha dominate the large motorcycle industry, although Harley-Davidson still maintains a high degree of popularity, particularly in the United States.

Recent years have seen a resurgence in the popularity around the world of many other motorcycle brands, including BMW, Triumph and Ducati, and the emergence of Victory as a second successful mass-builder of big-twin American cruisers.

In November 2006, the Dutch company E.V.A. Products BV Holland announced that the first commercially available diesel-powered motorcycle, its Track T-800CDI, achieved production status. The Track T-800CDI uses a 800 cc three-cylinder Daimler Chrysler diesel engine. However, other manufacturers, including Royal Enfield, had been producing diesel-powered bikes since at least 1965.

Motorcycle traffic in Bangkok

Currently, the largest motorcycle market is the small machines market for the developing world, hence the claim from Indian Hero Honda to be the world’s new biggest bike firm. India has also been the home to the Enfield Cycle Company’s Royal Enfield, since 1995. Enfield India still makes updated versions of the 1955 Royal Enfield Bullet motorcycle.

There is a large demand for small, cheap motorcycles in the “developing world”, and many of the firms meeting that demand now also compete in “developed” markets, such as China’s Hongdou which makes a version of Honda’s venerable CG 125.

Motorcycle taxis are the developing world’s limousines. Scooters, mopeds and motorcycles offer a fast, cheap and risky way around snarled traffic and scarce mass transit, as they can easily squeeze through jams.

See also

Motorcycle

Motorcycle manufacturers

Motorcycling

Police motorcycle

Safety bicycle

Further reading

Early history and use in the United Kingdom

Pennell, Joseph (February 8 1901). “Some Experiences Of Motor Bicycles”. Journal Of The Society Of Arts XLIX (2,516). http://books.google.com/books?id=pEtDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA181. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

Hiscox, Gardner Dexter (1902). The Automobile: A Practical Treatise On The Construction Of Modern Motor Cars Steam, Petrol, Electric And Petrol-Electric: Chapter XXI. Motor Bicycles (1903 ed.). London: Cassell And Company, Limited. pp. 751763. http://books.google.com/books?id=vgdJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA751. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

Lavergne, Gerard (1902). The Automobile: Its Construction And Management (Various Chapters). London: Cassell And Company, Limited. http://books.google.com/books?id=rDAaAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

Wilson, A. J. (1903). Motor Cycles And How To Manage Them, 6th ed.. London: Iliffe & Sons Limited. http://books.google.com/books?id=vLl-AAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

Early history and use in the United States

Lockert, Louis (1899). Petroleum Motor-Cars: Chapter VIII “Motor Bicycles”. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. pp. 6475. http://books.google.com/books?id=cjcMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

“The Automobile Bicycle”. The Literary Digest XIX (16): 463464. October 14 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=IUzQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA463. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

Hiscox, Gardner Dexter (1900). Horseless Vehicles, Automobiles, Motor Cycles Operated By Steam, Petrol, Electric And Petrol-Electric: Chapter XI. Automobile Bicycles And Tricycles. New York: Munn & COmpany. pp. 175215. http://books.google.com/books?id=PHDVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA175. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

“Interesting Notes. Single Motor Bicycles”. The School Journal LX (22): 632. June 2 1900. http://books.google.com/books?id=ePgBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA632. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

Krarup, M.C. (November 1900). The Field For Motorcycles: Motorcycling Vs. Motoring. XXXVII. pp. 207212. http://books.google.com/books?id=orMUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA207. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

Bill, L. H. (August 1902). “The Poor Man’s Automobile”. Overland Monthly, And Out West Magazine XL (2): 197198. http://books.google.com/books?id=1gYNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA197. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

Burr, H. Walter (December 1902). Up Mount Hamilton On A Motor Cycle. XL. pp. 556561. http://books.google.com/books?id=1gYNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA8-PA556. 

“Possibilities of the Motorcycle”. The Automobile XIII (4): 123. July 27 1903. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tug7AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA123. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

Hiscox, Gardner Dexter (1904). Mechanical Appliances, Mechanical Movements And Novelties Of Construction: Road And Vehicle Devices, Types Of Motor Bicycles. New York: The Norman W. Henley Publishing Company. pp. 215216. http://books.google.com/books?id=81BJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA215. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

“Motor Bicycles for Medical Men”. The Medical World XXIII (10). October 1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=attxAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA403. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

Cummings, C. E. (February 1906). “An Idyl Of The Tireless Bike”. Recreation XXIV (2): 127130. http://books.google.com/books?id=LPQXAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA127. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

Bashore, S. D. (July 1906). “The Motor Cycle For Physicians”. The Texas State Journal of Medicine II (3): 9293. http://books.google.com/books?id=RrEDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA92. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

“Mail Collection By Motor Van”. The Commercial Vehicle III (7). July 1908. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZFIgAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA148. Retrieved 2009-08-15. “An experiment is being conducted by the Post-office … with the use of a motorcycle van … of the “Indian” type”. 

“Development Of The Motor Cycle Van: Increasing Use Of This Type Of Light Package Delivery Motor Vehicle Noted Both Here And Abroad”. The Commercial Vehicle III (10): 227228. October 1908. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZFIgAAAAMAAJ&&pg;=RA1-PA227. Retrieved 2009-08-15. 

References

^ a b “The Past – 1800s: First motorcycle”. The History and Future of Motorcycles and motorcycling – From 1885 to the Future, Total Motorcycle Website. http://www.totalmotorcycle.com/future.htm#1800s. Retrieved 2007-06-28. 

^ Daimler, Paul (December 1901). “The Development Of The Petroleum Automobile”. Engineering Magazine XXII (3): 350. http://books.google.com/books?id=HgXOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA358. Retrieved 2009-08-15. “Illustration “The Original Daimler Motorcycle”". 

^ a b c Ian Chadwick (June 30, 2001). “An overview of the British motorcycle industry and its collapse”. British Motorcycle Manufacturers. http://www.ianchadwick.com/motorcycles/britbikes/index.html. Retrieved 2007-06-28. 

^ “Brief History of the Marque: Hildebrand & Wolfmuller”. Cybermotorcycle.com, European Motorcycle Universe. http://www.cybermotorcycle.com/euro/brands/hildebrand_wolfmuller.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-28. 

^ “Theatrical Gossip” (PDF). The New York Times. 25 November 1895. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9B07E5DB1139E033A25756C2A9679D94649ED7CF&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2007-11-07. 

^ Harley-Davidson: At the Creation

^ “Our History”. Berkeley Police Department Online, City of Berkeley, CA. http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/police/history/history.html. Retrieved 2007-06-28. 

^ a b “HD History: Timeline – 1930s”. Harley-Davidson USA (2001-2007 H-D). http://www.harley-davidson.com/wcm/Content/Pages/H-D_History/history_1930s.jsp?HDCWPSession=lG1xFnTQTTXKR0p6wpHB1N1cHtzdJ1250h8CvxtWctfBkvrFnRG4!-74508550!1457951189&locale=en_US. Retrieved 2007-06-28. 

^ “Post 1953 Indian Motorcycle History”. www.cycletownusa.com. http://www.cycletownusa.com/post1953.html. Retrieved 2007-06-28. 

^ “British Motorcycles of the 1930s”. www.webBikeWorld.com, webWorld International, LLC (2001-2007). http://www.webbikeworld.com/books/british-motorcycles-1930.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-28. 

^ a b “Freedom and Postwar Mobility: 1946-1958″. The Art of the Motorcycle, Guggenheim Museum. http://www.guggenheim.org/exhibitions/past_exhibitions/motorcycle/motorcycle.html. Retrieved 2008-10-24. 

^ Bill Stermer (January/February 2008). “1977 BMW R100RS”. Motorcycle Classics. http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/motorcycle-reviews/2008-01-01/bmw-r100rs.aspx. Retrieved 2009-08-10. 

^ “The first commercially-available diesel motorcycle”. www.Gizmag.com (November 20, 2006). http://www.gizmag.com/go/6493/. Retrieved 2007-06-28. 

^ “Diesel motorbikes”. Journey to Forever. http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_bikes.html. Retrieved 2007-06-28. 

^ “Hongdou Group: Manufacturer & Exporter . . .”. International Department, Hongdou Motorcycle Co. Ltd. http://www.aupamotor.com/. Retrieved 2007-06-28. 

^ Daniel Michaels. “Two-Wheel Taxis Tap Upscale Market in Paris”. Startup Journal – Enterprise, The Wall Street Journal – Center for Entrepreneurs (2007 Dow Jones & Company, Inc.). http://startup.wsj.com/columnists/enterprise/20060125-michaels.html. Retrieved 2007-06-28. 

External links

The Art of the Motorcycle at the Orlando Museum of Art.

The Future of Motorcycles – An Opinion – Before the future, we have to understand the past.

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1871 Card-Rack – Original U.S. Patent #119,995 $995 “Own this original, one-of-a-kind piece of 19th century American history, made available by the U.S. Patent Model Foundation, exclusively through The Times.Here�s a glimpse of advertising and organizing 19th century style. Inventor L. Corydon Prindle, of Chicago, Illinois came up with a �one-stop� board for posting that had it all: an easily updated calendar, clamps to hold business or advertising cards, handy reference tables such as postage rates, etc., permanent listings of useful businesses and room left over offer print advertising. It pales in comparison to our ubiquitous 21st century electronic organizers and marketing gimmicks, but it reminds us that these needs have been around since commerce began. Note the use of the famous �Hartford Insurance� as the example for this model. This type of model is seldom seen, and especially one as extraordinary as this and in such surprisingly good condition given its age and paper construction.Presented to the U.S. Patent Office by its hopeful inventor, this is the actual model that examiners relied upon to award this patent more than 130 years ago. For more images of this invention, from different angles, click here. All U.S. Patent models are from 1836 to the 1890�s, and are approximately 12 or less inches square. Each of these rare artifacts is guaranteed authentic. As with any historical items from the 1800�s, signs of age and wear are common and are considered part of a model�s charm. Each model comes with its original patent office tag or a replica tag, plus a copy of its patent drawings and papers printed on parchment and a certificate of authenticity with a fascinating background on patent model history.Comes with FREE Inventing America booklet, featuring Times coverage of inventors and innovators dating back to the newspaper’s inception in 1851! For more history into the U.S. Patent’s Office, click here.Ships in 5 � 7 days.”

1870 Door Securer – Original U.S. Patent # 103,068 $745 “Own this original, one-of-a-kind piece of 19th century American history, made available by the U.S. Patent Model Foundation, exclusively through The Times. This is a spiffy, unique brass model, created by an inventor from Manchester, N.H. Don�t let its diminutive size fool you � it serves a dual function: It can be used to secure a door from the inside and also acts as a key ring � you can hang your keys from the hinged arm when it�s in use.  It�s a very clever gizmo and beautifully made of burnished brass. This is one of those great conversation piece models that collectors covet, so take advantage of this opportunity to acquire something really special. Presented to the U.S. Patent Office by its hopeful inventor, this is the actual model that examiners relied upon to award this patent more than 130 years ago. For more images of this invention, from different angles, click here. All U.S. Patent models are from 1836 to the 1890�s, and are approximately 12 or less inches square. Each of these rare artifacts is guaranteed authentic. As with any historical items from the 1800�s, signs of age and wear are common and are considered part of a model�s charm. Each model comes with its original patent office tag or a replica tag, plus a copy of its patent drawings and papers printed on parchment, and a certificate of authenticity with a fascinating background on patent model history. Comes with FREE Inventing America booklet, featuring Times coverage of inventors and innovators dating back to the newspaper’s inception in 1851! For more history into the U.S. Patent’s Office, click here. Ships in 5 � 7 days. ”

1874 Curtain Fixture – Original U.S. Patent # 152,271 $895 “Own this original, one-of-a-kind piece of 19th century American history, made available by the U.S. Patent Model Foundation, exclusively through The Times.With some heavy wire and iron, inventor Levi Bradbury of Bennington, Vt., found a way to hold a curtain roller in place on a piece wood, which could then be pounded into a window casement. This fine model made curtain fixtures easier to hang and less expensive to manufacture�and made that 19th century �Honey-Do� list a little easier! The model is made of a linen roller type shade, with the fixture constructed from iron and mounted on a piece of mahogany to demonstrate how the fastener works. Presented to the U.S. Patent Office by its hopeful inventor, this is the actual model that examiners relied upon to award this patent more than 130 years ago. For more images of this invention, from different angles, click here.All U.S. Patent models are from 1836 to the 1890�s, and are approximately 12 or less inches square. Each of these rare artifacts is guaranteed authentic. As with any historical items from the 1800�s, signs of age and wear are common and are considered part of a model�s charm. Each model comes with its original patent office tag or a replica tag, plus a copy of its patent drawings and papers printed on parchment and a certificate of authenticity with a fascinating background on patent model history.Comes with FREE Inventing America booklet, featuring Times coverage of inventors and innovators dating back to the newspaper’s inception in 1851! For more history into the U.S. Patent’s Office, click here.Ships in 5 � 7 days.”

24.5 Italian Speedboat $395 “Previously $545, now $379 for a limited time!This is a FULLY ASSEMBLED replica of the legendary Riva Aquarama, an Italian runabout famous for its mahogany, luxury and style. It comes with FREE shipping. This 24.5-inch model is built with the highest quality woods from scratch by master craftsmen using plank-on-frame construction, just like real speedboats. Each model takes more than 100 hours to build. This model�s woodwork is unparalleled in accuracy and realism. Multiple layers of paint and varnish have been applied, dried and sanded to give it the highly polished look of the actual boat. It dazzles with brass and polished chrome fittings, including propellers, steering wheel, handles and horns. The plush seats are hand-stitched white leather. The dashboard is realistic with ring gauges and switches (not a sticker!). Boat comes attached to wood base. Dimensions: 26.5″” long x 8″” tall x 9″”.More About This ModelFREE ground shipping in continental U.S. (Express shipping not available.) Comes with FREE 8″” x 10″” Tall Ships photo – doubled matted and suitable for framing!Please Note: This item is available for DOMESTIC GROUND SHIPPING ONLY within the continental U.S.Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and international orders will be canceled and refunded. ”

36 Italian Powerboat $675 “This is a high-quality, FULLY ASSEMBLED replica of the Riva Ariston, an Italian luxury powerboat renowned for its superior speed and craftsmanship.The single-engine Ariston, produced from 1950 � 1974, had a reputation for being the best of the best among speedboats. Master craftsmen using plank-on-frame construction, just like real speedboats, handcraft this 36-inch model with the highest quality woods from scratch.Each luxurious Riva Ariston is handcrafted from beautiful wood, such as rosewood, mahogany and teak. The amazing details include natural wood trim, all-white leather seats, colorful navigation gauges, clear windshield with metal frames, unique storage space with opening/closing doors and shiny metal steering wheel, horns, control consoles and rails. Comes ready to display with a detachable wooden stand.Dimensions: 36″” long x 11″” wide x 10″” tall.More About This ModelFREE ground shipping in continental U.S. (Express shipping not available.)Comes with FREE 8″” x 10″” Tall Ships photo – doubled matted and suitable for framing!Please Note: This item is available for DOMESTIC GROUND SHIPPING ONLY within the continental U.S.Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and international orders will be canceled and refunded. ”

35 Italian Speedboat $675 “This is a museum-quality, FULLY ASSEMBLED replica of the legendary Riva Aquarama, an Italian runabout famous for its mahogany, luxury and style.  This model is part of a special edition in which a unique serial number is laser cut into the hull.This 35-inch model is built with the highest quality woods from scratch by master craftsmen using plank-on-frame construction, just like real speedboats. Each model takes more than 100 hours to build.This model�s woodwork is unparalleled in accuracy and realism. Multiple layers of paint and varnish have been applied, dried and sanded to give it the highly polished look of the actual boat. It dazzles with brass and polished chrome fittings, including propellers, steering wheel, handles and horns. The plush seats are hand-stitched red and white leather. The dashboard is realistic with ring gauges and switches (not a sticker!). Comes on a solid wood base.  Dimensions: 35″” long x 9″” tall x 10″” wide.More About This ModelFREE ground shipping in continental U.S. (Express shipping not available.) Comes with FREE 8″” x 10″” Tall Ships photo – doubled matted and suitable for framing!Please Note: This item is available for DOMESTIC GROUND SHIPPING ONLY within the continental U.S.Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and international orders will be canceled and refunded. ”

27 Italian Speedboat $545 “This is a high-quality, FULLY ASSEMBLED replica of the legendary Riva Aquarama, an Italian runabout famous for its mahogany, luxury and style. This model is part of a special edition in which a unique serial number is laser cut into the hull.Master craftsmen using plank-on-frame construction, just like real speedboats, build these 27-inch models with the highest quality woods from scratch. Each model takes more than 100 hours to build.This model�s woodwork is unparalleled in accuracy and realism (just look at the wood grain and planking!) This Riva dazzles with brass and polished chrome fittings, including propellers, steering wheel, handles and horns. Brown hand-stitched leather seats, with wicker on the backs. The dashboard is realistic with ring gauges and switches (not a sticker!). Comes on a solid wood base.Dimensions: 27″” long x 7″” tall x 8″” wide.More About This ModelFREE SHIPPING! (Express shipping not available.) Ships from West Coast.Comes with FREE 8″” x 10″” Tall Ships photo – doubled matted and suitable for framing!Please Note: This item is available for DOMESTIC GROUND SHIPPING ONLY within the continental U.S.Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and international orders will be canceled and refunded. ”

1869 Printing Press Fly Frame � Original U.S. Patent #087,695 $1125 “Own this original, one-of-a-kind piece of 19th century American history, made available by the U.S. Patent Model Foundation, exclusively through The Times. In 1869, Theodore Mead, of Boston, submitted this model for an improved fly for printing presses, for paper to rest and slide on when the fly was in operation. He submitted this model in pursuit of a patent. With its wood frame and simple, bent-wires, it may not seem impressive to us, but R. Hoe & Co. of New York knew its value and snapped it up. This venerable company, establish in 1802, initially made wooden printing presses, later adding its saw-machine lines, and ultimately establishing itself as a foremost producer of iron printing presses, fostering myriad innovations that contributed to the rapid and efficient production of newspapers. Presented to the U.S. Patent Office by its hopeful inventor, this is the actual model that examiners relied upon to award this patent more than 130 years ago. All U.S. Patent models are from 1836 to the 1890�s, and are approximately 12 or less inches square. Each of these rare artifacts is guaranteed authentic. As with any historical items from the 1800�s, signs of age and wear are common and are considered part of a model�s charm. Each model comes with its original patent office tag or a replica tag, plus a copy of its patent drawings and papers printed on parchment and a certificate of authenticity with a fascinating background on patent model history.Comes with FREE Inventing America booklet, featuring Times coverage of inventors and innovators dating back to the newspaper’s inception in 1851! For more history into the U.S. Patent’s Office, click here.Ships in 5 � 7 days.”

Italian Cypress Evergreen Bonsai Tree (cupressus sempervirens) $29.95 The Italian Cypress or Mediterranean Cypress is a great indoor bonsai tree which can be grown singularly or in groups. Originally found in the eastern Mediteranean area, this bonsai is susceptible to the cold which means that either you must bring it indoors during the winter or grow it in a fairly warm climate. These bonsai look amazing when grown in small forest groups. They feature fine green/gray foliage which actually grows in flattened sprays. They also grow “cool looking” tiny elongated brown cones during the year, something that is somewhat rare in bonsai.

1880 Felting Machine – Original U.S. Patent #226,336 $1795 “Own this original, one-of-a-kind piece of 19th century American history, made available by the U.S. Patent Model Foundation, exclusively through The Times.The hat business was alive and thriving in the 19th century when men and women alike donned stylish chapeaus as a part of daily life. An important step in hat-making was the felting or hardening stage. This process used a revolving felting-roller with a ribbed surface, a bat of material�usually wool�and a tub of hot water to shrink the material into a durable felt, or to further harden felted-material which could then be shaped and styled into hats. The Inventor John G. Meeker, of Danbury, Conn., designed a better system for this process by adding a self-adjusting canvas apron to gently hold the bat against the felting roll. The canvas apron was mounted on the machine�s frame with spring connections for adjusting it to hold the bat at a specific distance from the roller, while allowing it to accommodate different sizes of bats. To operate, the bat was lowered into the tub of hot water between the apron and the roller and the tension adjusted accordingly. The shaft of the felt-roller was rotated by an outside power source and the self-adjusting apron held the bat to the roller where the revolving ribs processed and hardened the felt. With its heavy ribs of cord, its leather backed blocks of wood and an apron of canvas, this model incorporates many unique materials to make a rustic and very charming model. It�s fragile with age but still can demonstrate the operation that was used to make hats in an era when the textile industry was a major economic factor in 19th century America. Presented to the U.S. Patent Office by its hopeful inventor, this is the actual model that examiners relied upon to award this patent more than 130 years ago. For more images of this invention, from different angles, click here. Comes with FREE Inventing America booklet, featuring Times coverage of inventors and innovators dating back to the newspaper’s inception in 1851! For more history into the U.S. Patent’s Office, click here.”

1870 Mercurial Pressure Regulator – Original U.S. Patent #102,464 $1125 “Own this original, one-of-a-kind piece of 19th century American history, made available by the U.S. Patent Model Foundation, exclusively through The Times. In April 1870, inventor Matthew Campfield of Newark, N.J., found a new method to adjust mercury to the zero-point on scales for mercurial liquid-gauges. This handsome gauge, rendered in iron and steel with great care and precision, is the model he submitted with his patent application. The inventor assigned this patent to American Eagle Steam-Gauge Company, adding to this model�s interest and provenance. Presented to the U.S. Patent Office by its hopeful inventor, this is the actual model that examiners relied upon to award this patent more than 130 years ago. All U.S. Patent models are from 1836 to the 1890�s, and are approximately 12 or less inches square. Each of these rare artifacts is guaranteed authentic. As with any historical items from the 1800�s, signs of age and wear are common and are considered part of a model�s charm. Each model comes with its original patent office tag or a replica tag, plus a copy of its patent drawings and papers printed on parchment and a certificate of authenticity with a fascinating background on patent model history.Comes with FREE Inventing America booklet, featuring Times coverage of inventors and innovators dating back to the newspaper’s inception in 1851! For more history into the U.S. Patent’s Office, click here.Ships in 5 � 7 days.”

1867 Steam Gauge – Original U.S. Patent Model # 68,849 $1195 “Yes, now you can own this original, one-of-a-kind piece of 19th century American history, made available by the U.S. Patent Model Foundation, exclusively through The Times.Gleaming brass, burnished to a soft sheen forms this 19th century steam gauge. Peer through its glass cover to see the inventor�s name engraved upon the plate in elegant script, and note the excellent workmanship and precision details. All of this combines to make this a handsome and outstanding model that will be a graceful note in any setting. For more images of this invention from different angles, click here.Submitted to the U.S. Patent Office by its hopeful inventor, this is the actual model that examiners relied upon to award this patent more than 140 years ago. All U.S. Patent models are from 1836 to the 1890�s, and are approximately 12 or less inches square. Each of these rare artifacts is guaranteed authentic. As with any historical items from the 1800�s, signs of age and wear are common and are considered part of a model�s charm. Each model comes with its original patent office tag or a replica tag, plus a copy of its patent drawings and papers printed on parchment, a certificate of authenticity, and a fascinating brochure about patent model history.Comes with FREE Inventing America booklet, featuring Times coverage of inventors and innovators dating back to the newspaper’s inception in 1851! For more history into the U.S. Patent’s Office, click here.Ships in 5 – 7 days.”

1874 Lithographic Press Damping Apparatus – Original U.S. Patent #151,688 $995 “Own this original, one-of-a-kind piece of 19th century American history, made available by the U.S. Patent Model Foundation, exclusively through The Times.In 1874, when printing presses were run by steam, inventor Peter Ehrgott of Cincinnati received this patent for a better way to dampen the lithographic stone used in such presses. This superb model represents his invention�a marvelous industrial design that replaced the need for a person to keep wetting the distributing-bed by hand, a very labor-intensive operation. His model is a precision device, made from steel, brass, wood, fabric and India rubber, detailed with a tiny ratchet-wheel and pawl-arm. It is an exceptional find, for most mechanical models related to the steam-driven printing industry were long ago dispersed. Presented to the U.S. Patent Office by its hopeful inventor, this is the actual model that examiners relied upon to award this patent more than 130 years ago. For more images of this invention, from different angles, click here.All U.S. Patent models are from 1836 to the 1890�s, and are approximately 12 or less inches square. Each of these rare artifacts is guaranteed authentic. As with any historical items from the 1800�s, signs of age and wear are common and are considered part of a model�s charm. Each model comes with its original patent office tag or a replica tag, plus a copy of its patent drawings and papers printed on parchment and a certificate of authenticity with a fascinating background on patent model history.Comes with FREE Inventing America booklet, featuring Times coverage of inventors and innovators dating back to the newspaper’s inception in 1851! For more history into the U.S. Patent’s Office, click here.Ships in 5 � 7 days.”

1874 Racing Boat Steering Device – Original U.S. Patent #148,434 $2095 “Own this original, one-of-a-kind piece of 19th century American history, made available by the U.S. Patent Model Foundation, exclusively through The Times.Charles B. Elliot, an inventor from Greenpoint, N.Y., claimed that for �very slender and light row-boats, used for racing and analogous fancy-purposes,� and also for sail-boats, a steersman needed free hands for his oars and a steering device for his feet to operate the cords and ropes connected to the rudder. This striking device is the result of his efforts, and it won him a patent. Models relating to the sport of boat racing are seldom seen, and this one is a honey with its brass footplate and smooth mahogany. It is sure to stir the heart of any sea-faring fan, especially one who loves the dashing sport of boat racing. Presented to the U.S. Patent Office by its hopeful inventor, this is the actual model that examiners relied upon to award this patent more than 130 years ago. For more images of this invention, from different angles, click here.All U.S. Patent models are from 1836 to the 1890�s, and are approximately 12 or less inches square. Each of these rare artifacts is guaranteed authentic. As with any historical items from the 1800�s, signs of age and wear are common and are considered part of a model�s charm. Each model comes with its original patent office tag or a replica tag, plus a copy of its patent drawings and papers printed on parchment and a certificate of authenticity with a fascinating background on patent model history.Comes with FREE Inventing America booklet, featuring Times coverage of inventors and innovators dating back to the newspaper’s inception in 1851! For more history into the U.S. Patent’s Office, click here.Ships in 5 � 7 days.”

1873 Smoke-Burning Furnace – Original U.S. Patent #141,574 $1345 “Own this original, one-of-a-kind piece of 19th century American history, made available by the U.S. Patent Model Foundation, exclusively through The Times.A problem with boiler-furnaces is the release of unconsumed fuel, so Cornelius McGinniss and William Naylor, both of Chicago, tackled this problem. To a standard steam-boiler furnace, they devised a special arrangement, using deflectors, by which a great amount of the products of first combustion are reburned. In ordinary sized fire-boxes, nearly all the smoke is reburned; in larger units, more deflectors can be employed to secure a perfect combustion. This is a made of tin, which has been faux-painted bright red and white to look like a brick furnace, with tiny doors and the like in black. This rustic painting has worn, faded and chipped over time, now giving this folksy model it a mellow appearance and the kind of character that makes it a standout in any display. Presented to the U.S. Patent Office by its hopeful inventor, this is the actual model that examiners relied upon to award this patent more than 130 years ago. For more images of this invention, from different angles, click here. All U.S. Patent models are from 1836 to the 1890�s, and are approximately 12 or less inches square. Each of these rare artifacts is guaranteed authentic. As with any historical items from the 1800�s, signs of age and wear are common and are considered part of a model�s charm. Each model comes with its original patent office tag or a replica tag, plus a copy of its patent drawings and papers printed on parchment and a certificate of authenticity with a fascinating background on patent model history.Comes with FREE Inventing America booklet, featuring Times coverage of inventors and innovators dating back to the newspaper’s inception in 1851! For more history into the U.S. Patent’s Office, click here.Ships in 5 � 7 days.”

1871 Billiard Rubber Cushion – Original U.S. Patent Model # 118,288 $895 “Yes, now you can own this original, one-of-a-kind piece of 19th century American history, made available by the U.S. Patent Model Foundation, exclusively through The Times.Sport and hobby-related models are very hard to come by, so this one is quite special. It�s an innovation in the design for billiard tables relating to their rubber cushions. This primitive billiard table model is made of rubber and wood, and has the scars and charm of time. It�s a rare and exciting model for anyone who values original, 19th century patent models, and it will be especially treasured by any billiard aficionado. For more images of this invention from different angles, click here.Submitted to the U.S. Patent Office by its hopeful inventor, this is the actual model that examiners relied upon to award this patent more than 130 years ago. All U.S. Patent models are from 1836 to the 1890�s, and are approximately 12 or less inches square. Each of these rare artifacts is guaranteed authentic. As with any historical items from the 1800�s, signs of age and wear are common and are considered part of a model�s charm. Each model comes with its original patent office tag or a replica tag, plus a copy of its patent drawings and papers printed on parchment, a certificate of authenticity, and a fascinating brochure about patent model history.Comes with FREE Inventing America booklet, featuring Times coverage of inventors and innovators dating back to the newspaper’s inception in 1851! For more history into the U.S. Patent’s Office, click here.Ships in 5 – 7 days.”

1877 Iron Table Stand – Original U.S. Patent #187,300 $745 “Own this original, one-of-a-kind piece of 19th century American history, made available by the U.S. Patent Model Foundation, exclusively through The Times.This stunning table stand is made of iron and, as its two inventors from East Orange, N.Y., claim, this stand is made with beautiful symmetry and increased strength. Rather than being simply an iron stand, or base, for a table, this design for making the legs separately and then joining them to provide additional strength for the shaft has given them additional beauty as well as greater economy in manufacturing. This decorative model will stand out in any collection, adding an almost architectural feel with its elegant lines and graceful design. Presented to the U.S. Patent Office by its hopeful inventor, this is the actual model that examiners relied upon to award this patent more than 130 years ago. For more images of this invention, from different angles, click here.All U.S. Patent models are from 1836 to the 1890�s, and are approximately 12 or less inches square. Each of these rare artifacts is guaranteed authentic. As with any historical items from the 1800�s, signs of age and wear are common and are considered part of a model�s charm. Each model comes with its original patent office tag or a replica tag, plus a copy of its patent drawings and papers printed on parchment and a certificate of authenticity with a fascinating background on patent model history.Comes with FREE Inventing America booklet, featuring Times coverage of inventors and innovators dating back to the newspaper’s inception in 1851! For more history into the U.S. Patent’s Office, click here.Ships in 5 � 7 days.”

Mutiny on the Bounty, Italian Movie Poster – 1962 $1275 “This is an original Italian movie poster of the 1962 classic �Mutiny on the Bounty.� This 4-folio poster, measuring a billboard-like 55� x 77�, comes folded, which is how this rare item was originally sent to theaters. It is in very good condition, with some small holes where the poster has been folded. It is a beautifully painted illustration, as were many of the Italian posters of the era. Directed by Lewis Milestone, the movie starred Marlon Brando, Trevor Howard and Richard Harris. Originality guaranteed with a certificate of authenticity from The Caren Archive, a leading source of significant historic printed matter. Ships in 3 � 5 days. Only one poster available.”

1885 Adjustable Scaffold Support – Original U.S. Patent # 319,723 $1295 “Own this original, one-of-a-kind piece of 19th century American history, made available by the U.S. Patent Model Foundation, exclusively through The Times.James Hughes of Lawrence, Kansas, used two models, made of mahogany and iron, to illustrate his clever invention. The larger one is for a four-legged trestle and the smaller is for a simple trestle with two legs. Both work in a similar way: A ledger is inserted in the specially designed U-shaped saddles, which surround the ledger and prevent it from dropping through the bottom. They also have an inclined pocket into which the legs are placed, which allows for different-size lumber, and presses them against the ledger to prevent lateral movement. For the two-legged example, only one side of the saddle is constructed this way as the other side is simply made flat. To further provide stability, a hole is made in each side of the saddle for placement of a pin. In uneven terrain, different lengths of wood can be used for the legs to provide more stability. All these elements ensure a much more secure scaffold, which looks similar to today�s a sawhorse. Construction models are popular and extremely hard-to-find, and are sure to be a thrill for anyone who loves building-related models or tools. Presented to the U.S. Patent Office by its hopeful inventor, this is the actual model that examiners relied upon to award this patent more than 130 years ago. For more images of this invention, from different angles, click here.All U.S. Patent models are from 1836 to the 1890�s, and are approximately 12 or less inches square. Each of these rare artifacts is guaranteed authentic. As with any historical items from the 1800�s, signs of age and wear are common and are considered part of a model�s charm. Each model comes with its original patent office tag or a replica tag, plus a copy of its patent drawings and papers printed on parchment and a certificate of authenticity with a fascinating background on patent model history.Comes with FREE Inventing America booklet, featuring Times coverage of inventors and innovators dating back to the newspaper’s inception in 1851!”

Black Italian Patent Leather Shoulder Bag $635 In modern black patent leather, L.A.P.A.’s ladylike shoulder bag featuring a gleaming gold-tone signature plate and wrap-around zipper, is a superb example of meticulous Italian craftsmanship. Signature dust bag included, Made in Italy.

The Arrival of 2447 Italian Immigrants at New York $24.99 The Arrival of 2447 Italian Immigrants at New York – Photographic Print

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